BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING

                                             

To some entrepreneurs, social media marketing is the “next big thing,” a temporary yet powerful fad that must be taken advantage of while it’s still in the spotlight. To others, it’s a buzzword with no practical advantages and a steep, complicated learning curve.

Because it appeared quickly, social media has developed a reputation by some for being a passing marketing interest, and therefore, an unprofitable one. The statistics, however, illustrate a different picture. According to Hub spot, 92% of marketers in 2014 claimed that social media marketing was important for their business, with 80% indicating their efforts increased traffic to their websites. And according to Social Media Examiner, 97% of marketers are currently participating in social media—but 85% of participants aren’t sure what social media tools are the best to use.

This demonstrates a huge potential for social media marketing to increase sales, but a lack of understanding on how to achieve those results. Here’s a look at just some of the ways social media marketing can improve your business:

1. Increased Brand Recognition. Every opportunity you have to syndicate your content and increase your visibility is valuable. Your social media networks are just new channels for your brand’s voice and content. This is important because it simultaneously makes you easier and more accessible for new customers, and makes you more familiar and recognizable for existing customers. For example, a frequent Twitter user could hear about your company for the first time only after stumbling upon it in a newsfeed. Or, an otherwise apathetic customer might become better acquainted with your brand after seeing your presence on multiple networks.

2. Improved brand loyalty. According to a report published by Texas Tech University, brands who engage on social media channels enjoy higher loyalty from their customers. The report concludes “Companies should take advantage of the tools social media gives them when it comes to connecting with their audience. A strategic and open social media plan could prove influential in morphing consumers into being brand loyal.” Another study published by Convince&Convert found that 53% of Americans who follow brands in social are more loyal to those brands.

3. More Opportunities to Convert. Every post you make on a social media platform is an opportunity for customers to convert. When you build a following, you’ll simultaneously have access to new customers, recent customers, and old customers, and you’ll be able to interact with all of them. Every blog post, image, video, or comment you share is a chance for someone to react, and every reaction could lead to a site visit, and eventually a conversion. Not every interaction with your brand results in a conversion, but every positive interaction increases the likelihood of an eventual conversion. Even if your click-through rates are low, the sheer number of opportunities you have on social media is significant. And as I pointed out in my article, “The Four Elements of Any Action, And How to Use Them in Your Online Marketing Initiative,” “opportunity” is the first element of any action.

4. Higher conversion rates. Social media marketing results in higher conversion rates in a few distinct ways. Perhaps the most significant is its humanization element; the fact that brands become more humanized by interacting in social media channels. Social media is a place where brands can act like people do, and this is important because people like doing business with other people; not with companies.

Additionally, studies have shown that social media has a 100% higher lead-to-close rate than outbound marketing, and a higher number of social media followers tends to improve trust and credibility in your brand, representing social proof. As such, simply building your audience in social media can improve conversion rates on your existing traffic

  

5. Higher Brand Authority. Interacting with your customers regularly is a show of good faith for other customers. When people go to compliment or brag about a product or service, they turn to social media. And when they post your brand name, new audience members will want to follow you for updates. The more people that are talking about you on social media, the more valuable and authoritative your brand will seem to new users. Not to mention, if you can interact with major influencers on Twitter or other social networks, your visible authority and reach will skyrocket.

                                BY

                 KIMATI ELITRUDAH

                 BAPRM 42582

NETWORK SOCIETY

NETWORK SOCIETY

 The network society can be defined as a social formation with an infrastructure of social and media networks enabling its prime mode of organization at all levels (individual, group, organizational and societal). Increasingly, these networks link all units or parts of this formation. In western societies, the individual linked by networks is becoming the basic unit of the network society. In eastern societies, this might still be the group (family, community, work team) linked by networks.

In the contemporary process of individualization, the basic unit of the network society has become the individual who is linked by networks. This is caused by simultaneous scale extension (nationalization and internationalization) and scale reduction (smaller living and working environments) other kinds of communities arise.

Daily living and working environments are getting smaller and more heterogeneous, while the range of the division of labour, interpersonal communications and mass media extends. So, the scale of the network society is both extended and reduced as compared to the mass society. The scope of the network society is both global and local, sometimes indicated as “global”. The organization of its components (individuals, groups, organizations) is no longer tied to particular times and places. Aided by information and communication technology, these coordinates of existence can be transcended to create virtual times and places and to simultaneously act, perceive and think in global and local terms.

The network society is a hyper social society, not a society of isolation. People, by and large, do not face their identity in the Internet, except for some teenagers experimenting with their lives. People fold the technology into their lives, link up virtual reality and real virtuality they live in various technological forms of communication, articulating them as they need it.

 However, there is a major change in sociability, not a consequence of Internet or new communication technologies but a change that is fully supported by the logic embedded in the communication networks. This is the emergence of networked individualism, as social structure and historical evolution induce the emergence of individualism as the dominant culture of our societies, and the new communication Technologies perfectly fit into the mode of building sociability along self-selected communication networks, on or off depending on the needs and moods of each individual. So, the network society is a society of networked individuals.

                             BY

         KIMATI ELITRUDAH

         BAPRM 42567

What are the “New Media?”

The  term  “new  media”  will  in  general  refer  to  those  digital  media,  which  are interactive,  incorporate  two-way  communication  and  involve  some  form  of computing  as  opposed  to  “old  media”  such  as  the  telephone,  radio  and  TV.

These  older  media,  which  in  their  original  incarnation  did  not  require computer  technology,  now  in  their  present  configuration  make  use  of computer  technology  as  do  so  many  other  technologies,  which  are  not necessarily  communication  media  like  refrigerators  and  motor  cars. 

Many “new  media”  emerged  by  combining  an  older  medium  with  computer  chips and  a  hard  drive.  We  have  surrounded  the  term  “new  media”  with  quotation marks  to  signify  that  they  are  digital  interactive  media. 
When  we  use  the term  new  media  without  quotation  marks  we  are  generically  denoting  media, which  are  new  to  the  context  under  discussion.  To  better  illustrate  the difference  in  the  terminology  we  can  say  that  today  all  “new  media”  are  new media.  We  can  also  say  in  1948  that  TV  could  be  classified  as  part  of  the new  media  of  its  day  but  not  as  “new  media”  as  we  have  defined  the  term above.  TV  integrated  with  a  computer  to  form  a  digital  video  recorder  such as  TiVo  system  (31.10)  can  be,  on  the  other  hand,  classified  as  an  example of the “new media”.

Our  definition  of  “new  media”  is  similar  to  the  definitions  of  other  authors. Some  describe  “new  media”  as  the  ability  to  combine  text,  audio,  digital video,  interactive  multimedia,  virtual  reality,  the  Web,  email,  chat,  the  cell phone,  a  PDA  like  the  Palm  Pilot  or  Blackberry,  computer  applications,  and any  source  of  information  accessible  by  one’s  personal  computer.  Lev Manovich for one describes new media as  new  cultural  forms  which  are  native  to  computers  or  rely  on computers  for  distribution:  Web  sites,  human-computer  interface, virtual  worlds,  VR,  multimedia,  computer  games,  computer animation,  digital  video,  special  effects  in  cinema  and  net  films, interactive  computer  installations. (http//:www.manovich.net/Stockholm99/stockholm_syllabus) Bolter  and  Grusin  (1999,  p.  45)  define  new  media  in  terms  of  remediation: “We  call  the  representation  of  one  medium  in  another  remediation  and  we will  argue  that  remediation  is  the  defining  characteristic  of  the  new  digital media.”

They  then  go  on  to  say  that  “all  mediation  is  remediation  (ibid.,  p. 55).”  If  this  is  the  case  how  does  one  distinguish  new  media  from  old  media? In  fact  their  idea  originates  with  McLuhan  who  observed  that  the  first content of a new medium is some older medium (A6).  A similar  problem  arises  when  Bolter  and  Grusin  make  the  excellent  point that  old  and  new  media  remediate  or  refashion  each  other  mutually. 

“What  is new  about  new  media  comes  from  the  particular  ways  in  which  they refashion  older  media  and  the  ways  in  which  older  media  refashion themselves  to  answer  the  challenges  of  new  media  (ibid.,  p.  15).” 

Once again  this  statement  does  not  tell  us  which  are  the  new  media  and  which  are the older media and amounts to defining new media in terms of chronology.

MKESSA, Patricia

RULES FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION

When you and your team don't share the same physical space, you need to be even more effective at communicating. Having run my company virtually for several years, I have learned several key things that can be applied to any project.

1. Build trust in person and grow that trust with clear expectations.
In order for people to work effectively virtually, there has to be trust. Trust doesn't happen magically. It is built when you bring your team together for training or team building, and then continues to grow with clear expectations consistently set by leaders and met by the team. It's important to bring people together at least once a year. During in-person meetings, I often get a handle on something that wasn't obvious before, and then when we're virtual again, I have invaluable insight that wouldn't have been possible without the time we spent together.

2. Manage results, not activity. 

In the physical office environment, "busy work" often gets mistaken for real work. In the virtual environment, when you can't see what people are doing, the key is to manage results. Set expectations and monitor the results, not the daily activities. This is empowering for people who are motivated and who take the initiative, and on the other hand it is a virtual microscope, which reveals people who don't know how to get things done. You can usually spot a poor hire in a couple of months and save yourself and the individual a lot of time and heartache.

3. Schedule regular communication. 

It's important that there is a regular time for reporting both progress and potential pitfalls to the team. This keeps people on track and gives everyone the discipline of a team check-in. It's amazing how much can be accomplished in a 30-minute conference call when you set expectations beforehand and tell everyone what you need to accomplish in that time frame.

4. Create communication that saves time  not the kind that kills it.

 Have you created an e-mail culture that wastes time with endless "daisy-chain" conversations that take several hours to read? Does your team spend hours trying to solve an issue with an e-mail conversation that could have been solved with a 30-minute conference call? E-mail and instant messaging are critical tools in our work environments, but it's important to create a new culture of effectiveness around them. Ask yourself: How can I make my team's e-mail communication more productive? Set e-mail and IM rules for your organization. For example, we use IM for anything that can easily be answered with a simple yes or no. It is also our virtual water cooler where we talk about vacations and what's happening.

5. Create standards that build a cohesive culture. 

What are your standards of quality? How do you define excellence? What do you expect from the people on your team? Making sure everyone knows the answers to those three questions is especially important when people are scattered geographically. Virtually, you need to create cohesion with excellence and a sense of pride in what your company stands for. People want a reason to belong, and a strong culture gives them a sense of belonging and also the confidence of knowing what the rules of the road are for them and the company.

6. Establish rules of responsiveness.

When people are working remotely, it's important that you define what your rules of responsiveness are for your culture. How quickly are people expected to return an e-mail, an IM or a phone call? What is your protocol when people are out of the office or on vacation? If you're in a customer service environment, it's important to have clear expectations regarding how to respond to all customer inquiries. No one likes to be kept waiting, and knowing what to expect immediately lowers the blood pressures on both sides of the customer/company relationship.

     By James Catherine

Importance of e-learning for developing countries

Deploying e-learning to developing countries might initially sound paradoxical. After all those are countries that lack the infrastructure found elsewhere, so how could they support the state of the art in learning?

It turns out that the state of the art might be more forgiving to the lack of certain infrastructures, than past methodologies. And, even more importantly for developing nations, much more cost effective.

It’s something that we’ve seen in play these past 20 years. Poor African countries that lacked a wired telecommunication infrastructure, for example, found it easier and cheaper to adopt mobile telephony, to the point that 80% of the population owns a cellphone and even has access to data services.

E-learning is like that, in that it reduces costs traditionally associated with education (such as for classrooms and educational material), to the point that it becomes affordable to a developing nation. A connection to the internet, an LMS deployment and a few cheap PCs are all that is needed to give kids access to a vast array of educational material.

E-learning is also uniquely suited to some other challenges those nations face, such as deficient highway systems which make transporting kids from remote rural areas difficult (let’s not forget that some of the earlier uses of e-learning in the 20th century was to educate kids living in remote areas in the vast Australian expanses).

Besides basic education, developing nations can leverage e-learning for skills acquisition, something extremely important for countries that seek to increase competitiveness and employment, making them more attractive to foreign investments but also fostering a business and entrepreneurial culture adapted and catering to local needs.

In fact the sharp rise of e-learning adoption seen in African countries (which we’ll discuss below) can be partly attributed to the increased needs of their corporate sector, and the resulting need for skilled employees.

It’s not all roses though.

E-learning strategies used in Western countries cannot be adopted wholesale by developing countries, as the latter lack high speed internet access, cheap bandwidth, trained IT personnel, and, depending on the country or the area, even stable access to electrical power.

The initial cost of an e-learning deployment, too, while much reduced compared to building a traditional school and equipping it with schoolbooks and learning material, can still be quite substantial for a developing country, a poor prefecture or even war-stricken zones. In this case, international organizations (such as UNESCO) and NGO efforts, like the One Laptop Per Child initiative, can help tremendously.

Another challenge is in motivating students, which can be problematic in traditionally rural areas that weren’t open to education before.

E-learning might be an asset in this regard, as students have been reported to get especially engaged with their computers, to the point of being able to hack them in a short time (without anybody teaching them how to) in order to expand their capabilities.

           By burugi maria

benefits and risk of trade shows

Benefits and risks of trade shows and exhibitions

From visibility to credibility, exhibiting at a trade show has hundreds of benefits for your business. Establishing a presence, whether big or small, for your company at a trade show gives you a powerful platform for meeting new customers, reaching out to your existing client and building a more established and reliable brand

A lot of businesses are put off exhibiting at a trade show because of the cost. It’s true – developing a great trade show exhibit, training your staff members, and travelling to the event itself isn’t a very cheap process. However, like most forms of marketing, with the right strategy, a trade show can be a very profitable choice

Consider the benefits and risks to your business when deciding to exhibit your product or service. These will be different for each event; however, there can be a lot to gain from promoting your product in person within a different environment.

Benefits

Trade shows are generally targeted at an industry and people involved or interested in that industry. Exhibiting at a trade show can be a great way to advertise to a target market and create brand awareness.

Exhibitions are open to a large and sometimes diverse range of audiences (usually the general public). This provides you with a platform to promote your product or service to a broader group that may have little or no knowledge of your products and services.

Depending on your type of business, product and market testing can be carried out at trade shows and exhibitions to gain industry or general opinion about your offering.

Being involved in a trade show or exhibition can provide you with opportunities to branch out to business-to-business trading and create a customer database from the visitors to your display booth.

Risks

It is also important to ensure that you have thoroughly researched attending a trade show or exhibition, and if you have a business adviser, discuss it with them. There are risks involved and you need to be aware of those risks in the planning stages:

·         Trade shows require at least a day and probably more of your time.

·         Travelling to trade shows can be costly.

·         Displaying at a trade show can also be costly.

·         There will probably be quite a bit of competition at all shows.

Choosing the wrong trade show to exhibit your business's products or services can result in displaying to the wrong audience. Poor promotion can mean the costs of attending the trade show outweigh any revenue you gain.

By Mkula Dennis

Pessimistic views of the new media

Media Imperialism

Media imperialism  (or  cultural imperialism) is the idea that the new media, particularly satellite television and global advertising, have led to the Westernization of other cultures, as Western, and especially American, cultural values are forced on non-Western cultures, leading to the undermining of local cultures.

A threat to democracy
Transnational corporations like Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Vodafone and News Corporation control the Internet technology, the satellite channels and mobile networks. This poses a threat to democracy and enhances the power of the already powerful, as more and more of what we know is dominated and controlled by global corporations.

The lack of regulation
The global nature of the new media, such as the Internet and satellite broadcasting, means there is a lack of regulation by national bodies like Ofcom. This means that undesirable things like bias, Internet crime, paedophilia, pornography, violence and racism can thrive virtually unchecked.

There is no real increase in consumer choice
There is poorer quality media content, with ‘dumbing down’ to attract large audiences, much of the same content on different TV channels, and endless repeats. Celebrity culture will replace serious programming, and ‘infotainment’ (information wrapped up to entertain) will replace hard news reporting to encourage people to consume media.

The undermining of human relationships and communities
There will be an increase in social isolation, with people losing the ability to communicate in the real world as they spend less quality time with family and friends, and become more wrapped up in solitary electronic media. There will consequently be a loss of  social capital  or the useful social networks which people have, as they spend less time engaging with the communities and neighbourhoods in which they live.

The digital divide
Not everyone has access to the new media, and there is a  digital divide  between those who can and those who can’t afford, or don’t have the infrastructure to support, access to such media as pay-to-view satellite channels, computers and broadband Internet access. This creates national and global inequalities, and a new digital underclass, whose members are excluded from the alleged benefits of the new media.

                                       By MKESSA Patricia
                                                BAPRM 42618.

CABLE INTERNET ACCESS

    Cable Internet provides access using a cable modem on hybrid fiber coaxial wiring originally developed to carry television signals. Either fiber-optic or coaxial copper cable may connect a node to a customer's location at a connection known as a cable drop. In a cable modem termination system, all nodes for cable subscribers in a neighborhood connect to a cable company's central office, known as the "head end." The cable company then connects to the Internet using a variety of means – usually fiber optic cable or digital satellite and microwave transmissions.Like DSL, broadband cable provides a continuous connection with an ISP.

 Downstream, the direction toward the user, bit rates can be as much as for business connections, and 250 Mbit/s for residential service in some countries. Upstream traffic, originating at the user, ranges from 384 kbit/s to more than 20 Mbit/s. Broadband cable access tends to service fewer business customers because existing television cable networks tend to service residential buildings and commercial buildings do not always include wiring for coaxial cable networks. In addition, because broadband cable subscribers share the same local line, communications may be intercepted by neighboring subscribers. Cable networks regularly provide encryption schemes for data traveling to and from customers, but these schemes may be thwarted

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) service provides a connection to the Internet through the telephone network. Unlike dial-up, can operate using a single phone line without preventing normal use of the telephone line for voice phone calls. DSL uses the high frequencies, while the low (audible) frequencies of the line are left free for regular telephone communication.These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filters installed at the customer's premises.

DSL originally stood for "digital subscriber loop". In telecommunications marketing, the term digital subscriber line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed variety of DSL. The data throughput of consumer  services typically ranges from  to in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In  the data throughput in the upstream direction, (i.e. in the direction to the service provider) is lower than that in the downstream direction (i.e. to the customer), hence the designation of asymmetric. With a symmetric digital subscriber line the downstream and upstream data rates are equal

Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line  is a digital subscriber line  standard approved in 2001 that provides data rates up to  downstream and upstream over copper wires and up to 85 Mbit/s down- and upstream on coaxial cable.VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone services and general Internet access, over a single physical connection.

(ITU-T G.993.2) is a second-generation version and an enhancement of VDSL. Approved in February 2006, it is able to provide data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both the upstream and downstream directions. However, the maximum data rate is achieved at a range of about 300 meters and performance degrades as distance and loop attenuation increases.

By Alphonce Bhoke BAPRM 42527

PROCESS IN CONDUCTING APPLIED RESEARCHES IN CORPORATE COMMUNICATION

PROCESS IN CONDUCTING APPLIED RESEARCHES IN CORPORATE COMMUNICATION

Identifying area of research. It is important that a Corporate Communication Manager knows in advance what things that they want to research about. There are many areas that require research and these could be getting customers’ feedback on services or goods offered by organizations, getting suggestions on improving services or goods offered or introducing new ones, assessing the programme that has been implemented and analyzing position of the organization as compared to other similar organizations. 

 

Literature searching/review. Second step to conducting Corporate Communication research is about doing literature search or in other words literature review. The significance of doing this activity is that it provides a glimpse of what has already been done so far as far as the identified research area is concerned. Literature could be field reports, data bases, mails, toll-free calls and media analysis (ibid). One can add Corporate Communication, Public Relations or Marketing books, journals, articles and other credible sources of information.  Additionally, it is through literature review a Corporate Communication Manager can see how previous studies were done (research methodologies), what were the findings and what was not done (research gaps). Hence, literature review informs the Corporate Communication personnel about what needs to be done in the research planned to be done.  

Stating the research problem, developing objectives and research questions. Having reviewed the literature in the area of the research, Corporate Communication personnel can now be in a good position of stating the problem which actually explains the essence of/purpose of/the unknown about the research to be done.  The problem can be a gap in the literature, a need to re-do a previous research which appears not to have yielded the intended outcomes by employing different methodologies and a need for getting new and more current information on what is already known. Moreover, the problem can be the controversy between what has been implemented and what is expected to happen as an outcome. Although, it is added that, the nature of problems in Corporate Communication is rooted in attitudes, opinions, issues or public opinion (ibid), it can also be rooted further into finding marketing opportunities. This is due to the fact that Corporate Communication embraces marketing also. Additionally, at this stage, one can outline objectives and formulate research questions.  
  

Choosing a general research approach. Having clearly stated the problem, a Corporate Communication Manager has to decide on the nature of or type of data to be collected. This general research approach can be Qualitative, Quantitative or Mixed research approach. Qualitative research approach will be useful when a Corporate Communication Manager is interested in collecting or exploring non-numerical and in-depth information  from key informants. In that case, qualitative research approach requires that one uses in-depth interviews, focus groups and sometimes content analysis to study opinions, experiences, perceptions, reasons, behaviours and meanings that people attribute to their contexts. On the other hand,

 Quantitative research approach enables a Corporate Communication practitioner to collect numerical and broad information in terms of trends, opinions or preferences from respondents. This approach produces quantities in terms of frequencies, volumes, intervals, figures and the like. In that case, it requires that the Corporate Communication Manager uses questionnaires/structured interviews, experiments or content analysis as methods of/tools for data collection  .

Mixed methods research approach which combines the strengths of both, qualitative and quantitative research approaches. In that case, the practitioner will collect both, in-depth and broad/numerical information. However, it is noted that the choice using either qualitative or quantitative research approach depends on the nature of research questions and academic background of the researcher. Additionally, none of the approaches is better than the other , and therefore, it would be better if one combines the two approaches (ibid). 
            

Choosing a research  design. Research design is the plan on how the entire research will be conducted. It is a framework that determines data collection, analysis and presentation procedures. The research design is normally determined by the research approach, that is, type of data to be collected.

 Quantitative research approach is based on surveys and experimental research designs. Qualitative research approach is based on case studies and ethnographies. Mixed methods research approach which combines both, qualitative and quantitative research approaches. In this scenario, a Corporate Communication Manager can choose: -

   Explanatory sequential mixed research design (collecting quantitative data in the first phase then followed by collection of qualitative data in the second phase). Exploratory sequential mixed research design (collecting qualitative data in the first phase then followed by collection of quantitative data in the second phase) or, Convergent/triangulation research design (collecting both qualitative and quantitative research design at the same time).

Choosing population and samples. Having known which research design is suitable for the research, a Corporate Communication Manager has to identify stakeholders from whom data will be collected. It is, however, important that one selects participants who are in line with information required. Additionally, it may be difficult for the Corporate Communication Manager to collect information from the entire population, in that case, it is important to select a sample; a small group of participants from whom information collected will be generalized to the entire target population. However, it is important to note that, there are different types of sampling techniques that the Corporate Communication Manager can use, these include, Probability sampling techniques. These include simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster sampling and multistage sampling techniques. Non-probability sampling techniques including purposive, quota, convenience or volunteer and snowballing sampling techniques.  

 

Identifying data collection methods. Having known the research approach, research design and thus the stakeholders from whom the Corporate Communication Manager is to collect information, then all that remains is the data collection process itself. This next activity however, requires that one chooses certain tool(s) or method(s) which, in one way or another, will be determined by the nature of the data to be collected: -

Qualitative research approach. For qualitative research approach, the data collection methods to be used can be in-depth interviews, observation, content analysis, focus group discussions as well as narratives.

  Quantitative research approach. If a study is based on the quantitative research approach, then the Corporate Communication Manager can use questionnaires/surveys/structured interviews, content analysis as well as experiments.

 Mixed method research approach. With mixed methods research approach, Corporate Communication Manager can combine methods from both qualitative research approach and quantitative research approach; the purpose being to collect both, quantitative and qualitative data.  

 

Data analysis and presentation. Having collected data, Corporate Communication Manager has to analyse and present the information. This implies summarizing, cleaning and taking useful data. However, this activity depends upon the type of data collected, in that case: -

 Qualitative data. In analysing and presenting qualitative data, one can use thematic methods or narratives. It is all about summarizing the information through explanations depending on the themes that have emerged in data collected.

  Quantitative data. Quantitative data requires that one uses statistical methods in data analysis and presentation. These includes averages, tables, percentages and other figures such as graphs and charts.

 Mixed data. When one both, qualitative and quantitative data, then one can use both, thematic and statistics in data analysis and presentation. This process can be done in phases, that is, starting with quantitative data analysis, then qualitative data analysis and vice versa. Alternatively, the two processes can be done at the same time.

 

Recommendations. The last process that Corporate Communication Manager has to do after presenting data is to provide suggestions on what has to be done. The recommendations can be based on how the identified problem has to be solved or how the identified opportunity has to be taken advantage of.

BY KIMATI ELITRUDAH

BAPRM 42582